Accountability in the Health Care Industry

Responsibility inside the medicinal services industry S. Thomas University of Phoenix Leadership and Performance Development HCS/475 Paula Smith March 25, 2010 Accountability inside the medicinal services industry Accountability by definition can best be depicted as â€Å"the view of being held responsible for one’s activities or decisions† (Gelfand, Lim, and Raver, 2004, pg. 138).Unfortunately, for certain Americans the terms â€Å"accountability† or â€Å"accountability standards† give off an impression of being just astutely showcased trendy expressions that are utilized to trick hasty customers into an accepting that there is an arrangement of appropriate balanced governance inside American organizations (Hughes, 2004). All things considered, for a considerable length of time the American open has taken a front move seat to watch business after business overlay in light of the fact that their organization official were raised on charges of bookkeeping extortion, burglary, or moral infringement (Valentine, Godkin, Page, and Rittenburg, 2008).The negativity of these spoilers is obviously justifiable, taking into account that to date just a bunch of administrators have been effectively indicted or accused of a wrongdoing. Regardless of the legitimacy of the spoilers contention, there is one certainty that these critics appear to overlook and that is, â€Å"the idea of responsibility goes back to the hour of Aristotle†, who in those days, contextualized the subject as far as equity, discipline, and social control (Gelfand, Lim, and Raver, 2004).In truth, responsibility is a theme that has been firmly lined up with brain research, legislative issues, law, training, medicinal services, and authoritative conduct (Gelfand, Lim, and Raver, 2004). Without a doubt, responsibility and responsibility guidelines are a pivotal segment of every single order, particularly in the field of human services. Human services is an exceptional bus iness in that; the business has a trustee obligation to administrative, state, and nearby governments. Not exclusively do experts mployed inside the business have distinctive expert and moral commitments yet every choice or judgment that is caused will to likewise directly affect the manner in which care is conveyed. In any case, the questions and second thoughts of the American customers has constrained human services associations into adopting an additional hands-on strategy toward encouraging an atmosphere of responsibility inside associations. These customer requests constrained associations to actualize straightforward responsibility standards.Furthermore, there are two fruitful methodologies that organizations have used to move to an increasingly gainful stand. The first is by setting up vital execution targets and evaluating their viability (Mulvaney-Harris, Zwahr, and Baranowski, 2006). For example, previously if an attendant made a prescription blunder by giving a drug a pa tient was hypersensitive to the common insight was to undercut the occurrence or keep the information on the episode inside the office where it occurred.Back at that point, the convention for medicine mistakes was to advise the doctor, charge nurture, division chief, and ultimately the attendant director. Presently as opposed to containing these episodes inside the division, emergency clinics supervisors are rather utilizing these occurrences as a workable second and to accumulate information. Which means, that rather on rebuffing the representative or terminating them, chiefs are returning to occurrences, quiet loads or preparing systems to verify that workers are appropriately prepared or surveying the procedures before a prescription is given (St. John Medical Center, 2004).The second methodology that effective associations have utilized is to fuse frameworks of â€Å"checks and balances† that are reliant all through their organizations. The sole motivation behind initiati ng an arrangement of checks and parity is to guarantee that there is an inward control instrument set up to hinder extortion, waste, or misuse. In the case of the prescription blunder, the arrangement of check and equalizations that was initiated made a review trail by buying a programmed medicine container that would just discharge drug assign for that particular patient (Business Dictionary, 2010).If another prescription mistake happened, this blunder could be followed to the attendants for that quiet, the drug store division who loaded the distributor, and the doctor who requested the drug. For some social insurance offices, utilizing an arrangement of parities involves giving mid-level supervisors the position to settle on choices and the related duties to check execution is conveyed among various offices (Business Dictionary, 2010). The sudden advantages of actualizing hierarchical governing rules frameworks have for all time changed today’s human services organizations. Specifically, the corporate sponsorship of interior responsibility norms has made a positive work atmosphere that advances more prominent comprehension and backing for the organizations’ mission, while at the same time improving the dynamic capacities of administrators (Mulvaney-Harris, Zwahr, and Baranowski, 2006, pg. 438). To consistently advance or encourage these gainful conditions 21st century social insurance offices should continue setting up vital execution goals to accumulate information, measure it, and survey the procedures’ adequacy. Not simply to suppress the voices of pessimistic spoilers yet in addition to run proficient organizations.References Business Dictionary (2010). Meaning of balanced governance. BusinessDictionary. com Retrieved on March 23, 2010 from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/balanced governance. html Gelfand, M. J. , Lim, B. C. , and Raver, J. L. (2004). Culture and responsibility in . associations: Variations in types of social control across societies Science-Direct. Human Resource Management Review. Vol. 14: Iss1. Elsevier Science Inc. Recovered on March 20, 2010 Hughes, S. (2004). Pundits caution of push to debilitate corporate responsibility laws CQ Weekly-banking and Financial Services.Retrieved on March 21, 2010 from Sage Publications Mulvaney-Harris, R. R. , Zwahr, M. what's more, Baranowski, L. (2006). The pattern toward responsibility: What does it mean for HR chiefs? Science-Direct. Human Resource Management Review. Vol. 16. Elsevier Science Inc. Recovered on March 20, 2010 St John Medical Center (2004). SOP: Medication Errors. St. John Medical Center Tulsa OK Retrieved on April 2004 Valentine, S. , Godkin, L. , Page, K. , and Rittenburg, T. (2008). Sexual orientation and morals: Ethical decisions, moral aims and philanthropy among human services experts. Recovered from Emerald, on March 23, 2010

Biology of Mangroves :: Research Essays Term Papers

Science of Mangroves One of the most special and least comprehended conditions found in nature is that of the mangrove. This environment is found at the intersection among land and ocean. Writer, Loren Eiseley (1971) expounded distinctively on his experience with a mangrove woods in the book The Night Country: A world like that isn't generally common. Portions of it are neither land nor ocean thus everything is moving from one component to anotherãâ€"Nothing waits where it started in light of the fact that everything is continually moving in, or moving out, of its temperamental condition. The real word à «mangroveã ­ can be utilized in two different ways. It can allude to an individual types of plant or it can demonstrate a gathering or backwoods of plants that contains numerous species (Figure 1). To figure out what comprises a mangrove animal categories numerous angles are considered including: (1) air temperature inside a specific range, (2) mud substrate, (3) security, (4) salt water, (5) tidal range, (6) sea flows and (7) shallow shores. To explain, every one of these viewpoints will be considered thusly. The best mangrove improvement has been found to happen just when the normal air temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20 degrees Celsius and where the regular range doesn't surpass ten degrees. Most broad mangroves are related with sloppy soils along deltaic coasts, in tidal ponds and along estuarine shorelines. With the goal for mangroves to endure an ensured coastline is fundamental as mangrove networks can't create where elevated levels of wave ac tivity forestall the foundation of seedlings. Regarding salt water, there is expanding proof that most mangroves have their ideal development within the sight of some extra sodium chloride. The tidal range assumes a significant job in mangrove improvement. The more prominent the tidal range, the more noteworthy the vertical range accessible for the network. Likewise for a given tidal range, steep shores will in general have smaller mangrove zones than do tenderly inclining ones. Another part of mangrove networks is sea flow. The flows are fundamental since they act to scatter the mangrove propagules and disseminate them along the coasts. The requirement for a shallow shore is the last significant part of mangrove woods. This is clear while thinking about that seedlings can't become tied down in profound water and that the mangrove requires an enormous extent of its body to be over the water (Hutchings and Saenger, 1987). Mangrove backwoods are built up in different areas of the world and one of the most unmistakable locales is the mainland of Australia.

Word of the Week! Indemnify Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Indemnify Richmond Writing Special thanks to Professor Jack A. Molenkamp, who teaches Business Law classes to students at UR. He finds that this term, and many other legal ones, new to his students. That is not too damning, really; for me I first thought of Billy Wilders excellent Double Indemnity, a signature work of film noir starring some of the finest talents in Hollywood: Barbara Stanwyck, Fred MacMurray, and Edward G. Robinson. Yes, those greats in a thriller involvinginsurance. Hence, the public domain (I dont need legal problems) photo from that film. When I took a Communications Law course during my run-up to gradate work in Journalism, I found an entire lexicon of words that seemed familiar but had different meanings; other words were entirely foreign to me. Most youngsters do not think about insurance; hence, the lack of familiarity with indemnity. Professor Molenkamp responded to my query for more information about how the word works in his field. He recommended Blacks Law Dictionary for a definitive answer, but added: he LawDictionary.org defines “indemnify” as “[t]o save harmless; to secure against loss or damage; to give security for the reimbursement of a person in case of an anticipated loss falling upon him. Also to make good; to compensate; to make reimbursement to one of a loss already incurred by him.” In my world, the word comes up largely in two contexts:   First, with respect to principal/agency relationships where the principal agrees to indemnify the agent for his or her activities.   Thus, a corporation will generally agree to indemnify corporate officers for their actions, as long as they are not in violation of the law.   Second, with respect to merger and acquisition transactions, where the seller agrees to indemnify the purchaser for a breach of the seller’s representations or covenants. Variations of the word are used as other forms of speech:   thus, indemnity or indemnification, as nouns.   In addition, the one who gives an indemnity (or who agrees to indemnify) is the indemnitor; the recipient, the indemnitee. The OED looks back as far as the 17th Century for earliest recorded uses, and they describe situations involving financial protection against possible future damages or injury: there we have the modern association with insurance. But the same definition includes more, to secure against legal responsibility for past or future actions or events. When you sign a waiver for that white-water rafting or at the gun range, the proprietors have used that document in this sense. Of course, they have insurance as well! No usage in the OED dates later than the end of the 19th Century. I suppose that is a good thing: legal definitions should remain stable for a long time. One footnote: theres an obsolete usage meaning to hurt or harm. Please send us words and metaphors useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here.

Hydrogen Facts - Element 1 or H

Theme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold

Page 1 Izaak Dittrich Hour: 2 Mrs. Mosiman 10/5/2017 Rough Draft Machismo is defined as strong or aggressive masculine pride. Machismo was very prevalent in latin america during the 1950’s when the novella takes place. M`en were often viewed as the head of the families, the providers, and the decision makes. Women didnt have that say in just about everything. Women were viewed as house women, and the ones who would take care of the children. They rarely worked or had any job, unless they were poor and did jobs like being a maid, child caretaker, etc. Men were generally proud of the machismo, it made them feel powerful, being the decision maker and bread winners gave them an immense feeling of pride and joy. Machismo often valued honor†¦show more content†¦Also, when the Vicario brothers murder Santiago Nissar which is a sin. Father Amador and everyone else agree that it is justified because it was done out of honor. â€Å"But we are innocent,’ said Pedro Vicario. ‘Perhaps befor God,’ said Father Amador. ‘ Before God and man†¦ it was a matter of honor,’ said Pablo Vicario† (49). This shows that if even father Amador dictates that the murder is not a sin how will anyone believe murder is wrong. Even if it is to avenge ones sister, murder is never right. It really shows how machismo and honor are valued over one of the ten commandments in church. Machismo through the noella is used to show strong masculine pride in the characters. We see this through Santiago Nasar and him always sleeping with a gun under his pillow. â€Å"He always slept the way his father had slept, with the weapon hidden in the pillowcase† (3). This act of always having a gun under his pillow shows that Nasar is always ready to defend himself against others and most of all defend his family from others. Having a gun in itself is a massive form of machismo because a woman would never have a gun in those times. Even today for a women to own a gun is way odder than a man owning a gun. We masculi nity a thorough he Vicario brothers and them being animal slaughterers. â€Å" I reminded them that the Vicario brothers Page: 3 sacrificed the same hogs they raised, which were so familiar to them that they called them by their names. ThatsShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold732 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is machismo? Machismo is when a man feels that he deserves the obedience and respect of all women around him. The novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a novella of a murder story retold after 70 years of it happening the novel was published in 1981. In the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold readers notice several themes throughout the story one of them is machismo. In the novel â€Å"Chronicle of A Death Foretold† the role of men greatly impacts the story with their actions as they are seenRead MoreTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold1554 Words   |  7 PagesChronicle of a Death Foretold is a story about a murder that happened in a small town, in which the society allowed to happen without questioning it. In this town there is an emphasis on male pride and men’s sexual behaviors. Everyone expects a certain code of male honor from every man. The way they look and act is all portrayed by this emphasis of machismo. Machismo men are stereotypically thought of as strong, rich, loud, and as womanizers. They are often associated with violence. Drinking, fightingRead MoreAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one’s true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fate cautiouslyRead MoreChronicle of a Death Untold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1008 Words   |  4 PagesTQ: To what extent do the Machismo and Marianismo ideals act as a catalyst to the plot of Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez? Honor over Love Honor can be earned and built throughout years of work and commitment but lost in just one single action. When looking at many Latin American cultures it is the women’s duty to preserve the honor, and the male’s job to protect it if there is ever a threat. The social ideologies of machismo and marianismo act as a source of pressure toRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Marquez employs the motif of flowers within the novel to illustrate the role of women within a Latin American society; the cultural and symbolic implications of this associate flowers with purity, victimization, gender barriers, and deceit. In doing so, Marquez creates a microcosm of Latin America, exposing the core of Columbian culture and society with all its aspects such as ethnicity, and social norms and conventions that led to a series of insecuritiesRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbut as sacred. He is willing to risk his life in its defense and it’s conscious that he gains protection while he gives it.† Gabriel Garcia Marquez bases the novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, off of a true account of a murder that occurred in Sucre, Columbia. In the Columbian culture presented in this novel, he portrays the theme of honor as a fundamental value and important value that everyone is obligated to respect. Marquez does this through repetition to highlight the idea that actions takenRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold1866 Words   |  8 PagesReflective statement: Chronicle of a Death Foretold The expectations of society and status quo are an important influence in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. The various interactive oral presentations that my classmates presented discussed an array of topics which included roles of women and machismo, specifically how women were forced to accept the unfair social expectations placed on them and how men were expected to exemplify macho behavior. My classmates’ presentations also helped me to gainRead MoreThe Products Of Gender Stereotypes And Concepts Of Alpha Male And The Vicario Brothers 965 Words   |  4 Pagesmale’, and it is evident that they have been forced by society to kill a man, but this by itself does not represent a strong critique against machismo as the only consequences seen are a restricted individuality and freedom, and an act that was probably not seen as immoral by the readers at that time. In order to make a strong, effective critique against machismo, Garcia Marquez describes the murder as a traumatizing experience and explains its numerous negative impacts. The murder itself is describedRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold Point Of View Analysis1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, uses the element point of view supported by certain motifs to portray society and how its gender roles affect the narration. The auth or’s choice in doing so is important simply because the novella is based on a real life story which occurred in Sucre, Colombia, in 1951, where he had lived. The incident happened while Gabriel Garcia Marquez was in college studying journalism, just like the narrator of the novel. Marquez Theme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold What is machismo? Machismo is when a man feels that he deserves the obedience and respect of all women around him. The novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a novella of a murder story retold after 70 years of it happening the novel was published in 1981. In the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold readers notice several themes throughout the story one of them is machismo. In the novel â€Å"Chronicle of A Death Foretold† the role of men greatly impacts the story with their actions as they are seen as machos. The reader doesn’t just see machismo through the actions of men, but through the actions of society in the novel. Women during this time period didn’t have a saying like men did only what they were told. In the Vicario†¦show more content†¦At the Vicario household the narrator states, â€Å"Bayardo San Romà ¡n didn’t enter, but softly pushed his wife into the house without speaking a word. Then he kissed Pura Vicario on the cheek and spoke to her in a very deep, dejected voice, but with great tenderness. â€Å"Thank you for everything, Mother,† he told her. â€Å"You’re a saint.†( 75-76) This quote shows the reader that Bayardo is very disappointed that his wife is not a virgin since it will damage his reputation in the city and to the point where he takes her back home to her parents. At the court the narrator states, â€Å"We killed him openly,† Pedro Vicario said, â€Å"but we’re innocent.† â€Å"Perhaps before God,† said Father Amador. â€Å"Before God and before men,† ( 78-79). This quote shows the re ader that the Vicario brothers went as far as killing Santiago for sleeping with their sister for a matter of the family honor. Almost as if killing him would restore her virginity. While with Clotilde the narrator states,â€Å"Now they haven’t got anything to kill anybody with,† he said. â€Å"That’s not why,† said Clotilde Armenta. â€Å"It’s to spare those poor boys from the horrible duty that’s fallen on them.† (90) This quote tells the reader that in order for the Vicario brothers to bear with their pain and embarrassment they had to kill Santiago to feel somewhat better in themselves. They could also not bear with the dent that it had made in their reputation. Their families was impacted through the actions ofShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold969 Words   |  4 PagesPage 1 Izaak Dittrich Hour: 2 Mrs. Mosiman 10/5/2017 Rough Draft Machismo is defined as strong or aggressive masculine pride. Machismo was very prevalent in latin america during the 1950’s when the novella takes place. M`en were often viewed as the head of the families, the providers, and the decision makes. Women didnt have that say in just about everything. Women were viewed as house women, and the ones who would take care of the children. They rarely worked or had any job, unless they wereRead MoreTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold1554 Words   |  7 PagesChronicle of a Death Foretold is a story about a murder that happened in a small town, in which the society allowed to happen without questioning it. In this town there is an emphasis on male pride and men’s sexual behaviors. Everyone expects a certain code of male honor from every man. The way they look and act is all portrayed by this emphasis of machismo. Machismo men are stereotypically thought of as strong, rich, loud, and as womanizers. They are often asso ciated with violence. Drinking, fightingRead MoreAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one’s true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fate cautiouslyRead MoreChronicle of a Death Untold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1008 Words   |  4 PagesTQ: To what extent do the Machismo and Marianismo ideals act as a catalyst to the plot of Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez? Honor over Love Honor can be earned and built throughout years of work and commitment but lost in just one single action. When looking at many Latin American cultures it is the women’s duty to preserve the honor, and the male’s job to protect it if there is ever a threat. The social ideologies of machismo and marianismo act as a source of pressure toRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Marquez employs the motif of flowers within the novel to illustrate the role of women within a Latin American society; the cultural and symbolic implications of this associate flowers with purity, victimization, gender barriers, and deceit. In doing so, Marquez creates a microcosm of Latin America, exposing the core of Columbian culture and society with all its aspects such as ethnicity, and social norms and conventions that led to a series of insecuritiesRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbut as sacred. He is willing to risk his life in its defense and it’s conscious that he gains protection while he gives it.† Gabriel Garcia Marquez bases the novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, off of a true account of a murder that occurred in Sucre, Columbia. In the Columbian culture presented in this novel, he portrays the theme of honor as a fundamental value and important value that everyone is obligated to respect. Marquez does this through repetition to highlight the idea that actions takenRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold1866 Words   |  8 PagesReflective statement: Chronicle of a Death Foretold The expectations of society and status quo are an important influence in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. The various interactive oral presentations that my classmates presented discussed an array of topics which included roles of women and machismo, specifically how women were forced to accept the unfair social expectations placed on them and how men were expected to exemplify macho behavior. My classmates’ presentations also helped me to gainRead MoreThe Products Of Gender Stereotypes And Concepts Of Alpha Male And The Vicario Brothers 965 Words   |  4 Pagesmale’, and it is evident that they have been forced by society to kill a man, but this by itself does not represent a strong critique against machismo as the only consequences seen are a restricted individuality and freedom, and an act that was probably not seen as immoral by the readers at that time. In order to make a strong, effective critique against machismo, Garcia Marquez describes the murder as a traumatizing experience and explains its numerous negative impacts. The murder itself is describedRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold Point Of View Analysis1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, uses the element point of view supported by certain motifs to portray society and how its gender roles affect the narration. The auth or’s choice in doing so is important simply because the novella is based on a real life story which occurred in Sucre, Colombia, in 1951, where he had lived. The incident happened while Gabriel Garcia Marquez was in college studying journalism, just like the narrator of the novel. Marquez

Tv News vs. Internet News Free Essays

It is hard to believe that just a few years ago, watching TV or reading newspapers were the only ways of gathering news. Nowadays as thanks to the Internet there is one more option, the question whether it is best to rely on television news, or to follow online news emerged. When set beside, those two ways of gathering news seem to be enormously different. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv News vs. Internet News or any similar topic only for you Order Now The biggest difference between online news and television news is the access to information. While watching news on TV, we are dependent on broadcast schedule of any TV station. By contrast, there is no schedule involved in following online news. The access to information is constant and it is the user’s choice when to follow the news. Secondly, compared to television news, the amount of online information seems to be much more greater. While on TV only the most important pieces of everyday news are broadcast, the Internet offers basically unlimited amount of information concerning every branch of science and all fields of life. Nevertheless, the quality of television news still remains much more higher, as online articles are often anonymous or unverified. Last but not least, unlike television news, following online news gives the reader the possibility of commenting on any given article. While watching television news, the receiver only gathers the news, whereas the online news follower may participate in live â€Å"debate† and express his view on every piece of news presented. To sum up, there are many differences between television news and online news, such as the access to information, the quality of news, or the receiver’s participation. While online news seems to be more available and gives the receiver the chance to comment, the television news still remains more reliable. It is up to the receiver to choose what is more important to him. How to cite Tv News vs. Internet News, Papers

Versailles Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Versailles Persuasive Essay The Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans. Versailles created political discontent and economic chaos in Germany. The Peace Treaty of Versailles represented the results of hostility and revenge and opened the door for a dictator and World War II. November 11, 1918 marked the end of the first World War. Germany had surrendered and signed an armistice agreement. The task of forming a peace agreement was now in the hands of the Allies. In December of 1918, the Allies met in Versailles to start on the peace settlement.The main countries and their respective representatives were: The United States, Woodrow Wilson; Great Britain, David Lloyd George; and France, George Clemenceau. At first, it had seemed the task of making peace would be easy.However, once the process started, the Allies found they had conflicting ideas and motives surrounding the reparations and wording of the Treaty of Versailles. It seemed the Allies had now found themselves engaged in another battle. We will write a custom essay on Versailles Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Woodrow Wilson (1856 1924), the twenty-eighth President of the United States (1913 1921).In August of 1914, when World War I began, there was no question that the United States would remain neutral. Wilson didnt want to enter the European War or any other war for that matter.However, as the war continued, it became increasingly obvious that the United States could no longer sit on the sidelines. German submarines had sunk American tankers and the British liner, Lusitania, in May 1915, killing almost twelve hundred people, including 128 Americans.This convinced Wilson to enter World War I, on the allied side. As the war continued, Wilson outlined his peace program, which was centered around fourteen main points. They (fourteen points) were direct and simple: a demand that future agreements be open covenants of peace, openly arrived at; an insistence upon absolute freedom of the seas; and, as the fourteenth point, the formation of a general association of nations.The fourteen points g ave people a hope of peace and lay the groundwork for the armistice that Germany ultimately signed in November 1918. Although the United States was instrumental in ending the war, Wilson was still more interested in a peace without victors than annexing German colonies or reparations (payment for war damages). However, as the Allies began discussions of the peace treaty, the European allies rejected Wilsons idealism and reasoning. It soon became increasingly obvious that the allies were seeking revenge and Germany was destined to be crippled economically and socially by its enemies. David Lloyd George (1863 1945), who was the Prime Minister of Great Britain (1916 1922), governed through the latter part of the war and the early post war years.Britain and Germany were, historically, always rivals. Before the war, for instance, Germany challenged Britains famous powerful and unstoppable navy by dramatically increasing the amount of money spent on their navy. In terms of losses, Britain absorbed thirty-six percent of the debt incurred by the allies and seventeen percent of the wars total casualties.After the war, Britain faced tough economic problems. Their exports were at an all time low due to outdated factories, high tariffs, and competition from other countries. As a direct result, Britain suffered from high unemployment, which of course, affected the well being of the country. Britain had its pride and nationalism stripped. The Treaty of Versailles would provide an opportunity to seek revenge for their losses. They were also seeking annexation of German colon ies in Africa. Georges Clemenceau (1841 1929) was the Premier of France (1906-1909) and (1917-1920).As Britain, France had a rivalry with Germany but the Frenchs ill feelings were even more intensive. Nationalism created tensions between France and Germany. The French bitterly resented their defeat in the Franco Prussian War and were eager to seek revenge. Moreover, they were determined to regain Alsace Lorraine.This gave the French the motivation of increasing their military strength and ultimately, destroying their life-long enemies. During the war, Frances portion of the war debt amounted to twenty percent. Their loss, in terms of war casualties, was thirty-three percent.Most of the battles were fought on French soil. This resulted in the destruction of ten million farm acres, twenty thousand factories and six thousand public buildings.After the war, France suffered terribly, economically. Inflation and a deflated French Franc spurned the French to take advantage of the armistice. Clemenceau wanted revenge as well as security against any future German attack.He also wanted a huge amount of reparations, to annex the coal rich Saar Basin, the return of Alsace Lorraine and an independent Rhineland for a buffer zone between Germany and France. .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb , .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .postImageUrl , .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb , .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb:hover , .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb:visited , .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb:active { border:0!important; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb:active , .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue015988432580d7cf91e341fb64cf7fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers EssayAll the leaders had different opinions and motives regarding the Treaty of Versailles. Coming to a consensus was difficult. The Treaty had to be revised several times before the final copy was signed on January 18, 1919. There was scarcely a section of the treaty which was not attacked, just as there was scarcely a section of the treaty which was not attacked.The Germans were reluctant to agree to such harsh terms. Even the most humble German was appalled by the severity of the treaty.France and Britain were both eager to have revenge on Germany but selfishly wanted each others benefits. Clemenceau pointed out that the British were making n o effort to placate the Germans at the expense of British interests. They offered no proposals to reduce the number of German ships to be handed over, or to return Germanys colonies, or to restore the German Navy, or to remove the restrictions on Germanys overseas trade. Instead, it was always at the expense of French interest that concessions were to be made.Wilson thought both France and Britain were being too vindictive and unreasonable. The allies used Wilsons Fourteen Points program to convince Germany to sign an armistice. However, once Germany complied, these points were ignored. The French, for example, had no intention of abandoning what Wilson castigated as the old diplomacy, with its secret understandings and interlocking alliances.Therefore, in the end, the European Allies, including France and Britain, received what they wanted from the treaty. The actual costs, for Germany, included: the guilt of the entire war and, paying 132 billion gold marks in reparations. Germany also lost one eighth of its land, all of its colonies, all of its overseas financial assets and limiting their once powerful military.Britain and France would receive large sums of the reparations and German colonies in Africa as mandates.France also received its wishes with Alsace-Lorraine. France would recover Alsace-Lorraine outright.However, the main delight for France and Britain was seeing Germany suffer. The biggest problem Germany had with Versailles was the war guilt, which was stated in article 231 of the Versailles Treaty. The Allies were astonished to find this particular paragraph was the most violently disputed point in the entire treaty. Article 231 stated: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governm ents and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. It seems weird that they would treat Germany that way after they too had been in the war. Fighting and killing were done by both sides but only the Germans were punished. If our army and our workmen had known that peace would look like this, the army would not have laid down its arms and all would have held out to the end.All Germany became very upset about the whole treaty. This aroused intense nationalist bitterness in Germany.The future looked grim and had no cause for optimism in the near future. After Versailles was in stone, Germany became a very weak country, seeking to avenge the vindictiveness and total lack of empathy shown by the allies. The German people could not resist, but, in unanimity, they could still hate.Germany suffered from great economic problems after the war. They had already lost many lives and things during the war, but now they were responsible for paying the reparations. The Germans tried paying their debts by borrowing and printing more money. They were shocked to find that incredible inflation was the result. The hardships caused by the inflation of the 1920s contributed to the political unrest of Germany after WWI.After the war, Germany became a republic (called the Weimar Republic). The Weimar Republic had many problems from the very beginning. Many Germans despised it (the Republic) because its representatives had signed the hated Versailles Treaty.There were revolts by both a communism party and a fascism party. In the end, the fascists party wa s favoured because they were extreme nationalists, who denounced the Versailles Treaty and opposed the democratic goals of the Weimar Republic.With the rise of fascism came the rise of Hitler and his Nazi Party. .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 , .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .postImageUrl , .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 , .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525:hover , .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525:visited , .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525:active { border:0!important; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525:active , .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525 .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6338e088e4b74ddb840ebd95ac71d525:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The importance of information systems EssayAdolph Hitler, of the Nazi Party, preached a racist brand of fascism. His party kept expanding, benefiting from growing unemployment, fear of communism, Hitlers self-certainty, and the difference of his political rivals.When Hitler became chancellor in January 1933, he began rebuilding a promising future for Germany.He promised jobs and benefits to all classes of people. Almost all Germans felt compelled to listen and obey Hitlers extreme ideas of fascism because for some, he was their last hope. Hitler knew how to win peoples obedience, through their fears and insecurities. Hitler successfully appealed to a Germany that was humil iated by defeat in World War I and the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.Hitler succeeded and began to regain Germanys strength. Germany was too powerful to be suppressed for long.Hitler broke many rules contained in the Treaty of Versailles. For example, Hitler sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland and the French did not respond. This and other scenarios gave Hitler the incentive to invade other countries and ultimately, invade Poland and started World War II. With WWII came the dreadful horrors of the Holocaust. Hitler had ordered the deaths of at least five million Jews.Not only did he orchestrate these mass murders, but he also influenced countless individuals to think and act in the same disgraceful manner. Hitler may have had sick and shameful ideas but he certainly knew how to be a manipulative leader. He played on the fears and insecurities of the people and used their weaknesses to win their loyalty. In conclusion, The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to represent the peaceful ending to World War I, however, it became the prelude to another war. It was originally an effort to restore order and provide a peaceful conclusion to World War I. The ill feelings and economic upheaval that resulted provided the perfect climate for Hitlers dominance, in post-war Germany. The contributors/participants of Versailles had other motives behind the peace agreement other than a peace settlement. Their selfish actions resulted in, not only the economic hardship of Germany, but inflation and unemployment in all of Europe. The severity of the reparations contained in this document set the stage for history to repeat itself. Therefore, the very way in which the Treaty of Versailles was forced on the German people stored up the material for the next round.

Bill Clinton Leadership

Bill Clinton Leadership Introduction Bill Clinton is one of the most famous politicians in the History of the United States of America. He served as the governor of Arkansas and later on became the president of the United States of America serving between 1993 and 2001 (Mas 325).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Clinton Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is during his reign as the president that USA exhibited the concept of effective leadership. This was achieved through the leadership of President Bill Clinton. This essay shall therefore focus on Bill Clintons leadership qualities, styles and the success that he achieved as president. To achieve this, the essay shall focus on the qualities that Clinton had and the impacts of his administration during the two terms that he served as president. Leadership of Bill Clinton For an individual to be an effective leader, he/she needs to possess several qualities. Such an individual needs to be visionary, understanding, rational, conscious of the culture, team player, ambitious, reliable, possess communication and social skills, humble, able to influence masses and be knowledgeable (Cohen 8). Bill Clinton possessed most of these qualities. This may have contributed greatly into developing him into a successful and effective leader. In the process of his leadership, Bill Clinton experienced ups and downs. An example is his demise was his scandal with Monica Lewinsky. It should be noted that during the time when Clinton was facing this scandal, he remained confident and charismatic. He was not destructed and performed his duty as the president of the United States to the best. This showed that he had empathy; a factor that enabled him to maintain a positive public figure. Giving the United States priority at this time proved that Clinton was an effective leader (Mas 327).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More USA, like many other nations all around the world has always been striving for social, political and economic sustainability. Despite the fact that the nation has always been regarded as one of the best in terms of socio-political and economic sustainability, it is during the reign of Bill Clinton that USA experienced much of its economic growth. Through his leadership practices and policies, USA experienced a tremendous growth in its economy from 1993-2001. An effective leader is one who keeps the promises that he has made to his people. During his presidential campaign, Bill Clinton made several promises to the people. He vowed that he would improve the economy of the United States. Clinton became the president of USA just after the end of the Cold War, a period that USA spent a lot of money in the race for arms supremacy. As a result, the nations economy was in a deficit. Thus, as a result of this economic recession, USA require d strong economic strategies that would lead to economic recovery. To achieve this, Clinton came up with a combination of economic, fiscal and economic policies with an aim of modernizing the government of the United States (Stewart 15). This made the government to be entrepreneur oriented. As a result, much of the powers that were concentrated on the central government were distributed to federal and local governments. This resulted to an increase in the government efficiency and a reduction of the size of the central government hence incurring lower costs as compared to the expenditure of previous regimes. Clinton came up with tight monetary policies that reduced the expenditure of governmental institutions (Stewart 17). For instance, Clinton implemented the tight monetary proponents. This implementation had an effect of stabilizing and reducing the consumer price index.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Clinton Leadership specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, goods and services within the nation became more affordable to a larger proportion of the population. Clinton also implemented several monetary policies. In 1997, Clinton passed the Taxpayer Relief Act into law that reduced the tax rate on capital investments from 28% to 20% (Stewart 18). This increased the rate at which individuals made in investments within the nation. It also increased the rate of foreign investments hence boosting the economy. The employment rate in USA during the Clinton administration also increased. Increasing the employment rate was one of the promises that Clinton made to the people during his 1992 campaigns. To deliver his promise, Clinton through his administration managed to create over 22 million jobs. This tremendously increased the GDP of USA between 1993 and 2001 (Mas 326). Clinton also managed to reduce the national deficit that had accumulated as a result of the arms race during the cold wa r. Before Clinton became the president, USA had a trade deficit of -90.500 USDs. When Clinton left office, the trade deficit was roughly above -400,000 USDs (Stewart 14). To ensure that this economy is maintained, Clinton embarked on a trade expansion activity. It is during this time that he developed warm diplomatic relations with countries such as Mexico and China. With the desirable relationship that these nations developed, trade between then also improved especially after the free trade deal was passed (Robinson 470). Conclusion Bill Clinton is one of the renowned and leaders in the history of the United States as a result of the role that he played in reviving the national economy amongst other things. During his reign, he also managed to achieve social and political sustainability. He also possessed desirable leadership qualities that made him to be an effective leader. This made him to an effective leader. Cohen, Simon. â€Å"Effective Global Leadership Requires a Global M indset.† Industrial  and Commercial Training 4.2 (2010): 3-10. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mas, Andrew. â€Å"Racial Bias in USA Presidential Election.† American Economic Review 99.2 (2010): 323-29. Print. Robinson, Allan. â€Å"Global Leadership in a Cultural Diverse World.† Management  Decision 46.3 (2008): 466-80. Print. Stewart, Benjamin. â€Å"Race, Region, and Vote Choice in the US Elections: Implications for the Future of the Voting Rights Act.† Harvard Law Review 3.2 (2010): 11-18. Print.

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association Lambda and gamma are two measures of association that are commonly used in social science statistics and research. Lambda is a measure of association used for nominal variables while gamma is used for ordinal variables. Lambda Lambda is defined as an asymmetrical measure of association that is suitable for use with nominal variables. It may range from 0.0 to 1.0. Lambda provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. As an asymmetrical measure of association, lambda’s value may vary depending on which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variables are considered the independent variable. To calculate lambda, you need two numbers: E1 and E2. E1 is the error of prediction made when the independent variable is ignored. To find E1, you first need to find the mode of the dependent variable and subtract its frequency from N. E1 N – Modal frequency. E2 is the errors made when the prediction is based on the independent variable. To find E2, you first need to find the modal frequency for each category of the independent variables, subtract it from the category total to find the number of errors, then add up all the errors. The formula for calculating lambda is: Lambda (E1 – E2) / E1. Lambda may range in value from 0.0 to 1.0. Zero indicates that there is nothing to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. In other words, the independent variable does not, in any way, predict the dependent variable. A lambda of 1.0 indicates that the independent variable is a perfect predictor of the dependent variable. That is, by using the independent variable as a predictor, we can predict the dependent variable without any error. Gamma Gamma is defined as a symmetrical measure of association suitable for use with ordinal variable or with dichotomous nominal variables. It can vary from 0.0 to /- 1.0 and provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between two variables. Whereas lambda is an asymmetrical measure of association, gamma is a symmetrical measure of association. This means that the value of gamma will be the same regardless of which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variable is considered the independent variable. Gamma is calculated using the following formula: Gamma (Ns - Nd)/(Ns Nd) The direction of the relationship between ordinal variables can either be positive or negative. With a positive relationship, if one person ranked higher than another on one variable, he or she would also rank above the other person on the second variable. This is called same order ranking, which is labeled with an Ns, shown in the formula above. With a negative relationship, if one person is ranked above another on one variable, he or she would rank below the other person on the second variable. This is called an inverse order pair and is labeled as Nd, shown in the formula above. To calculate gamma, you first need to count the number of same order pairs (Ns) and the number of inverse order pairs (Nd). These can be obtained from a bivariate table (also known as a frequency table or crosstabulation table). Once these are counted, the calculation of gamma is straightforward. A gamma of 0.0 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables and nothing is to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. A gamma of 1.0 indicates that the relationship between the variables is positive and the dependent variable can be predicted by the independent variable without any error. When gamma is -1.0, this means that the relationship is negative and that the independent variable can perfectly predict the dependent variable with no error. References Frankfort-Nachmias, C. Leon-Guerrero, A. (2006). Social Statistics for a Diverse Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Research Assignment

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Research - Assignment Example Measurements of data in a big population are carried out through random sampling. Random sampling does not give an accurate measurement in people since people are different from each other as compared to elements tested in natural sciences that are always identical (Graham, 2008). The best approach to measurement that should be used in the measurement of people and society is the use of a computerized sampling method that is programmed to practice simulation. Use of computerized sampling will ensure that the whole population is well represented (Davies, 2007). Both qualitative and quantitative types of research need to be valid and reliable to enhance their use by analysts. The validity of these research methods ensures the connection of the research carried out and the theoretical ideas of the researcher (Chikkodi and Satyaprasad, 2010). Much of it refers to the generalizability of the findings in both the quantitative and qualitative research. In a bid to assess, the validity of these two types of validity in research, their credibility and transferability aspect is very important (Connaway and Powell, 2010). The credibility aspect is used to determine whether the findings in the research seem believable while the transferability aspect determines whether the findings of the research are applicable in another context. Reliability of these types of research refers to the situation in which more than one observer of the study agrees with the findings (Katsirikou and Skiadas, 2012). A good example is how an efficient apparatus in laborator y gives accurate data.

International law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

International law - Assignment Example aw was catalyzed by international trade, which required merchants from one state to be protected against the activities of other merchants of another state. With the increase in international trade, warfare and exploration the need for international law became essential. Treatises between nations became useful as they were intended to be binding between the nations. The proliferation of treatises, practices, rules and customs became complex and scholars started to compile them into systematic treatises. Hugo Grotius provided the first comprehensive conception of international law in his treatise â€Å"De Jure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tres† (Schmitt 2008). Grotius’s conception of international was grounded on natural law, human reason and custom. His argument in respect to natural law is that relations between nations should be governed by an international body based on divine justice and morality. The law between nations should be governed by the law of the people, established through the consent of the nations and founded on commitment and observance. In his view, things were either good or bad by their nature. According to Grotius, law is not derived from above but from principles which include maxims that promises must be honored and restitution is required for harm to others. These two values have served as the foundation for international law. Additionally, Grotius took a positivist view of international law. In his perspective, emphasis should be given to what is done as opposed to what ought to be done. It is noteworthy that although Grotius based his perspective of international law on natural law, he also posits that nations can create binding rules between themselves. Grotius was instrumental in the formation of the concept of international society. In this respect an international society is a community held together by believes that nations have rules that apply to all of them. Written agreements and customs form the basis of the law that governs this

Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors In The Pig Urinary Bladder Biology Essay

Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors In The Pig Urinary Bladder Biology Essay Background and purpose. This investigation sought to identify the principal muscarinic receptor subtype associated with contraction of the pig bladder. Additionally, comparisons of muscarinic receptor expression in the pig bladder and caudate nucleus were conducted. Experimental approach. Contractility of isolated strips of pig bladder was assessed using isotonic tension recordings in an organ bath. Radioligand binding to particulate preparations from pig caudate nucleus and bladder detrusor was assessed using [3H]-quinuclidinylbenzilate. Key results. The results obtained from the contractile response experiment showed that the best antagonists for pig bladder contractions were methoctramine, pirnezepine and oxybutynin, this was according to the pEC50 data. These results led to the identification of the presence of M1 and M3 receptor subtypes in the bladder. Whereas M1 and M2 receptor subtypes were found to occur in the brain. Pirenzepine exhibited the smallest Rmax value, and was therefore the most successful antagonist. Whereas 4-DAMP had the largest Rmax value, identifying this as the worst antagonist. Conclusions and Implications. It is clear that M3 muscarinic receptors are found in the bladder, but are absent in the brain. This is made more certain as 4-DAMP showed fairly low affinity for muscarinic receptors in the bladder, but its affinity was higher than that recorded in the brain which is known to contain a low amount of M3 receptors. 4-DAMP also has the highest affinity recorded in the brain, due to binding at the M1 muscarinic receptor. Introduction There are five distinct types of muscarinic receptors (M1,M2,M3,M4,M5), all of which belong to the same family of G-protein-coupled receptors. M1 receptors are found mainly in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain, but also on the CNS and peripheral neurons. These receptors are excitatory, this excitation is produced by a decrease in potassium ions which causes membrane depolarization. M2 receptors exert inhibitory effects; they are present in the heart and so are of little importance in this experiment. M3 receptors reside in smooth muscle. These receptors are excitatory and produce vasodilatation and bronchodilatation, via an increase in intracellular calcium levels. As this experiment includes analysis on the effects of muscarinic antagonists on muscarinic receptors in the brain and bladder, it is mainly the M1 and M3 receptors which are being concentrated on. The aim of the experiment was to add a range of antagonists pig bladder tissue, and then recording the effect each had on the tissues contraction. The five antagonists used in the experiment were atropine, pirenzepine, methoctramine, 4-DAMP and oxybutynin. Each of the antagonists used are able to bind to muscarinic receptors, but they bind to different subtypes as they have differing affinities. Atropine is a non-selective antagonist, which acts via competitive inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid which can be found in solanaceous plants, for example the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). Atropine causes anti-cholinergic effects such as mydriasis, salivary inhibition, tachycardia, inhibition of GI motility and smooth muscle relaxation. It can be used clinically to treat anticholinesterase poisoning, bradycardia and GI hypermotility. Pirenzepine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, and is slightly selective for the M1 sub-type. It is used clinically for the treatment of peptic ulcers, whereby it inhibits gastric acid secretion. Methoctramine is a slightly M2 selective antagonist. It has also been found to show selectivity for cardiac M2 muscarinic receptors, but to have low affinity for both vascular M2 and ganglionic M1 receptors. 4-DAMP is a slightly M3 selective antagonist, although it has only low affinity. There is no clinical use for 4-DAMP, it is mainly used in experiments for the analysis of muscarinic receptors. Oxybutynin is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist. It is used clinically to decrease muscle spasms of the bladder in patients suffering from frequent urination or urge incontinence. During the contractile experiment these antagonists will be used to determine which of the muscarinic receptors are present in the bladder, and which occur in the greatest amount. The same antagonists will then be used in the radioligand experiment, to compare each of their effects on brain tissue. Once both experiments are performed, the results can be used to compare the presence of muscarinic effects in the bladder and brain tissue. Materials and Methods Contractile response studies Strips of urinary detrusor were stored overnight at 4  °C in Krebs Ringer solution [composition (mM): NaCl (118); KCl (4.9), MgCl2 (1.2); KH2PO4 (1.2); D-glucose (12); NaHCO3 (25); CaCl2 (1.3); gassed with O2:CO2 (95:5)], as previously described (Lot and Wilson, 1994). On the morning of the experiment, tissue was removed from the refrigerator and allowed to equilibrate to room temperature. Thereafter, strips were mounted in an organ bath at 37  °C in Krebs Ringer solution. Contractility was monitored using isotonic transducers connected to CED 1502 amplifiers and recorded on a personal computer running Spike 2 software (CED, Cambs, UK). A steady baseline was then achieved for 20 minutes before 1ml 3M KCl was added to 50ml of Krebs solution (in water bath), to achieve a final concentration of 60mM. The tissue was then washed out three times once a maximal response was recorded, and this was then left for a further 20 minutes until a steady baseline was achieved once again. 10 dilutions containing varying concentrations of carbachol were then prepared in LP4 tubes, using 3-fold dilutions. A cumulative-concentration curve was created by adding the preparation containing the lowest concentration of carbachol to the organ bath first. After waiting for 7 minutes, the next preparation with a higher concentration was added. This process was repeated without washing out the tissue, until there was no further increase in tissue tone recorded. Once this part of the experiment was completed, the tissue was washed out 3 times with warm Krebs solution. This was followed by the addition of the putative antagonist and the tissue was left for 60 minutes. After achieving a steady baseline, a cumulative-concentration curve was created by carrying out the same process with increasing concentrations of carbachol as before; but this time in the presence of the putative antagonist. The results were printed off once the process was completed. Radioligand binding studies Radioligand binding to total particulate preparations from the pig was conducted essentially as previously described (Alexander et al., 1994). Briefly, tissue was homogenised in 10-30 volumes of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) using an Ultra-Turrax homogeniser. After centrifugation at 30 000 g for 15 minutes at 4 °C, the supernatant layer was discarded. This homogenisation/centrifugation cycle was repeated twice more and the resulting pellet was re-suspended in 10 volumes. After storage at -20  °C, thawed tissue was incubated in a total volume of 500  µL 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), containing 0.25 nM [3H]-QNB for 30 minutes at 37  °C. Rapid filtration with repeated washing allowed isolation of bound radioligand, which was then estimated using liquid scintillation counting. A dilution curve was prepared using 10-fold dilutions once the drug was provided, this contained the highest concentration. 32 LP4 tubes were labelled 1-32 and these were placed in test tube racks. 50  µl aliquots of different concentrations of drug were then added to tubes 5-28, with each being made up to 500  µl by adding 450  µl of buffer. 50  µl of buffer was added to tubes 1-4, these acted as a control whilst atropine was added to the remained tubes 29-32. 400  µl of the radioligand was added to each of the tubes, with 50  µl of particulate preparation being added to the tubes in groups of 10 at 12 minute intervals. Once this process was completed, the tubes were incubated in a water bath at 37 °C for 30 minutes. The Whatman GF/B filters were placed in the 10-place manifold and were wet using the buffer solution. Ten of the tubes were then removed from the water bath, and 3ml of ice-cold buffer was added to each of them. They were filtered immediately after this process. Once two additions of 3ml of ice-cold buffer had taken place on each filter paper, they were washed. This was repeated for each of the LP4 tubes, once incubation in the water bath was halted on their removal. The filter papers were then placed into labelled scintillation vials, they were then analysed. Data analysis and statistical procedures There are equations which can be used to analyse the data collected in the experiment, once the information has been put into a concentration curve graph. The first equation used is the Gaddum equation: pKi = log (CR 1) log [Ant] In order to make use of this equation it is neccessary to work out the EC50, which is the effective concentration of drug required to give 50% of the maximum response. This EC50 value can be obtained from the concentration curve, as it is at 50% of the maximum response on the graph. The results collected from the graphs were Molar, these can be converted to  µM by multiplying the values by 106. These values can now be used to produce a concentration ratio, indicating the EC50 response with and without the presence of the antagonist. Graph 1 shows bladder tissue contractile responses to histamine in the presence of different concentrations of promethazine. The EC50 values recorded for histamine and promethazine were -6.5 and -5 respectively. By converting these Molar values to  µM by using the technique stated above, histamine 0.316  µM and promethazine 3.16  µM can be inputted into the Gaddum equation. The pKi value which is calculated in this equation is an indication of potency of the antagonist used, and a high pKi indicates a high affinity for the receptor. The pKi in this case was -8.5. As the radioligand was being carried out, calculations were made in order to work out the Kd and Bmax. The equation used in the radioligand binding experiment was the Cheng-Prusoff equation: IC50/Ki = 1 + [A]/Kd To work out the pKi, the same process as the contractile response experiment is used. Then the pIC50, the concentration of the antagonist which displaces 50% of the ligand, can be calculated. It is then necessary to work out the IC50 value to be used in the Cheng-Prusoff equation, this is achieved by -log of the pIC50 value. Finally, -log of the Ki obtained from the equation gives a pKi value of 8.2. Drugs, chemicals, reagents and other materials Porcine material (from pigs of the modern Hybrid white strain, either sex, approximately 50-70 kg) was obtained from an abattoir and transported rapidly to the laboratory on ice. [3H]-QNB (specific activity 1591 GBq mmole-1) was obtained from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Herts, UK), while muscarinic receptor ligands were all obtained from Sigma (Dorset, UK). All drug and molecular target nomenclature conforms to the British Journal of Pharmacologys Guide to Receptors and Channels (Alexander et al., 2008). Results Table 1. Contractile response results: Drug pEC50 Rmax Concentration Ratio pKi Atropine 4.5 131 20.9 9.1 Pirenzepine 4.3 109 42.6 7.4 Methoctramine 4.3 50.2 7.1 4-DAMP 4.6 139 37.9 9.2 Oxybutynin 4.3 210.5 8.1 Water 4.7 116 5.0 Table 1 shows the results obtained from the contractile response experiment, whereby the pig bladder tissue was exposed to five antagonists and the contractility of the tissue was measured. Table 2. Radioligand binding results: Brain Bladder Drug pKi SEM pKi SEM Atropine 9.8 0.1 9.8 0.1 Pirenzepine 7.7 0.2 8.0 0.6 Methoctramine 8.0 0.0 7.7 0.1 4-DAMP 9.2 0.0 8.4 0.1 Oxybutynin 7.4 0.0 7.8 0.0 Carbachol 4.8 0.1 4.3 0.0 Table 2 shows the results obtained from the radioligand experiment, which identified the different muscarinic receptors found in the brain and bladder tissue. Discussion and conclusions The conclusions that can be made from the results are that the main types of muscarinic receptor involved in the contraction of the bladder are the M1 and M3 receptor. Whereas, M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes occur in the brain. Therefore, an ideal drug for therapeutic treatment of urge incontinence and bladder dysfunction would be M3 selective. This would not have any adverse effects in the brain, as M3 receptors are not present in this part of the body. Bladder contractions occur due to activation of muscarinic receptors leading to an increase in intracellular calcium, which causes contraction of the smooth muscle. The results collected in the contractile response experiment were due to antagonism of M1 and M3 receptor subtypes. 4-DAMP recorded a pKi value of 9.2, a value which corresponded with the M3 subtype and was the highest of all the antagonists. This antagonist is M3 selective but also has affinity for the M1 muscarinic receptor; this may have caused its high pKi value to be due to binding at this muscarinic receptor subtype. Atropine recorded the second highest pKi, 9.1 .This was to be expected as it is a non-selective antagonist, with high affinity for each of the muscarinic receptor subtypes able to cause contraction of the bladder tissue. Oxybutynin recorded the third highest pKi value, 8.1. Oxybutynin has a slightly higher affinity for the M3 muscarinic receptor, therefore the pKi value is due to binding at this receptor subtype. Pirenzepine, being an M1 selective antagonist, would be expected to have a similarly high pKi to 4-DAMP. This was not the case as pirenzepine only recorded a pKi of 7.4, a value expected to be obtained from M3 selective antagonists. Methoctramine recorded a pKi value of 7.1, the lowest of all the antagonists. Although it is an M2 selective antagonist, the pKi value leads to the conclusion that contractile response is due to the presence of M1 or M3 receptors. The results obtained in the radioligand experiment revealed that mostly M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors occur in the brain. Methoctramine has low affinity at the M1 receptor, even so, the results recorded in the experiment showed the antagonist to have high affinity. The pKi range of the M2 receptor subtype for methoctramine is 7.8-8.3. Therefore, the recorded pKi value of 8.0 suggests the presence of M2 receptor subtypes in the brain. The pKi of 8.0 is quite far from the pKi range of methoctramine for the M3 receptor subtype, leading to the conclusion that there are a small number of M3 receptors in the brain. Atropine, perenzepine, 4-DAMP and oxybutynin antagonists are able to act at the M1 muscarinic receptor and each of these antagonists possess similar affinities for the receptor. Atropine (pKi 9.8) and oxybutynin (pKi 7.4) are both non-selective antagonists, so as in the contractile response will have fairly high affinities for any of the muscarinic receptor subtypes present in the brain. Perenzepine recorded a pKi value of 7.7; this failed to fall into any of the pKi ranges expected for the muscarinic receptors. The value was closest to the M1 subtype range (7.8-8.5). The SEM recorded was the highest of all the antagonists (0.2) concluding that some of the results may have been anomalous, with most of the pKi values falling within the M1 range. The Pki range of pirenzepine for the M3 receptor subtype is 6.7-7.1. The pKi recorded, much like that of methoctramine, was quite far from the M3 range. 4-DAMP recorded a high pKi of 9.2. This pKi value fell into the ranges for both the M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors, showing high affinity of the antagonist for both subtypes. In this experiment the pKi value recorded was with respect to the M1 receptor, not the M3 subtype. The non-selective muscarinic antagonist oxybutynin is the principle drug used to treat urge incontinence. This antagonistic drug possesses anticholinergic and antispasmolytic properties, which together act on the bladder to inhibit micturition. However, there are significant adverse effects associated with this choice of therapeutic treatment; such as dry mouth, constipation and blurred vision. These side effects highlight the non-selectivity of oxybutynin as each occurs due to antagonism at the M1 receptor. The radioligand binding experimental results show that oxybutynin has a pKi of 7.8 in the bladder, which is only slightly higher than the pKi of 7.4 recorded in the brain. These pKi values indicate that oxybutynin is slightly more selective towards the M3 receptor subtype present in the bladder. However, it is evident that the antagonist also has significant affinity towards the M1 and M2 receptor subtypes which are present in the brain. There were a few limitations encountered in both parts of the experiment. The contractile response experiment was carried out for a fairly short amount of time, more reliable results could be obtained by increasing the amount of time that the experiment is undertaken. As not all of the tissues used in the experiment were of the same source or size, the results obtained were inconsistent the responses recorded were of varying degrees. By ensuring every piece of tissue is the same size, more accurate and reliable could be obtained. Human error when collecting and interpreting the data in the experiment could have caused considerable variations in the results recorded. During the radioligand binding experiment complications arose due to contamination, with various external factors such as temperature and buffer strength affecting the results.

Driving While Using Cell Phones

Abstract of Cell phone and drivers research paper This report assesses the risks and benefits associated with cellular phone use while driving. The interest of policymakers in this issue has been heightened by the recent decisions of selected foreign countries and several U. S localities to restrict or prohibit the use of cellular phones while driving. The weight of the scientific evidence to date suggests that use of a cellular phone while driving does create safety risks for the driver and his passengers as well as other road users.The magnitude of these risks is uncertain but appears to be relatively low in probability compared to other risk in daily life. It is not clear whether hands-free cellular phone designs are significantly safer than hand-held designs, since it may be that conversation rather than dialing or handling is responsible for most of the attributable risk due to cellular phone use while driving. The benefits of using this communication device while driving appear to be important.They include benefits to the users, households, social networks, businesses, and communities. Many of these benefits, which include public health and safety considerations, have not yet been recognized or quantified. Simple suggestions that drivers can â€Å"pull over† on the side of the road to make calls from cellular phones are unrealistic and, in certain situations, potentially dangerous. It is not know which of the benefits of cellular phone use would be foregone under various regulatory scenarios.Cellular phone use while driving should be a concern of motorists and policymakers. We conclude that although there is evidence that using a cellular phone while driving poses risks to both the driver and others, it may be premature to enact substantial restrictions at this time. Indecision about whether cellular phone use while driving should be regulated is reasonable due to the limited knowledge of the relative magnitude of risks and benefits.In light of thi s uncertainty, government and industry should endeavor to improve the database for the purpose of informing future decisions of motorists and policymakers. In the interim, industry and government should encourage, through vigorous public education programs, more selective and prudent use of cellular phones while driving in order to enhance transport safety.

When to Use Roman Numerals Instead of Numbers

Roman numerals have been around for a long time. In fact, as the name suggests, Roman numerals started in ancient Rome, between 900 and 800 B.C. They originated as a set of seven basic symbols for numbers. As time and language progressed, those markings transformed into the letters we use today. While it may seem strange to use Roman numerals when numbers can be used, knowing how to use them can come in handy. Roman Numerals in Everyday Life Roman numerals are all around us and youve almost certainly seen and used them, even without realizing it. Once you familiarize yourself  with the letters and their usage, youll be surprised at how often they come up. Below are several places that Roman numerals are often found: Roman numerals are often used in books, often to number the chapters.Pages in appendices or introductions are also numbered with Roman numerals.In plays, they separate acts into sections.Roman numerals can be seen on fancy clocks and watches.  Annual sporting events, like the Summer and Winter Olympics and the Super Bowl, also mark the passage of years by using Roman numerals.  Many generations have a family name that has been passed down and includes a Roman numeral to signify the family member. For example, if a mans name is Paul Jones and his father and grandfather were also named Paul, that would make him Paul Jones III. Royal families also use this system.   How Roman Numerals Are Made To write Roman numerals, we use seven letters of the alphabet. The letters, which are always capitalized, are I, V, X, L,  C, D, and M. The table below illustrates the value for each of these numerals. Roman Numeral Symbols I one V five X ten L fifty C one hundred D five hundred M one thousand Roman numerals are arranged and combined in a specific order to represent numbers. Numerals (their values) are added together when written in groups, so XX 20 (because 1010 20). However, one cannot put more than three of the same numerals together. In other words, one can write III for three, but cant use IIII. Instead,  four  is indicated with IV. If a letter with a smaller value is placed before a letter with a larger value, one subtracts the smaller from the larger. For example, IX 9 because  one  subtracts 1 from 10. It works the same way if a smaller number comes after a larger number, only one adds to it. For instance, XI 11 because X 10 and I 1, and 10111. 50 Roman Numerals The following list of 50 Roman numerals will help you learn how they are created. Numerals 1 to 10:1 I2 II3 III4 IV5 V6 VI7 VII8 VIII9 IX10 XNumerals 11 to 20:11 XI12 XII13 XIII14 XIV15 XV16 XVI17 XVII18 XVIII19 XIX20 XXNumerals 30 to 50:30 XXX40 XL50 L How to Memorize Roman Numerals Sometimes, using a different writing method can be tricky and you wont always remember which Roman numeral you need to use. As long as you understand the explanations above and recollect the simple overview in the table, with some practice, youll master the Roman numerals in no time. One additional method to anchor these different types of numbers in your memory is to use a mnemonic and put the letters into a more memorable sentence. For example: I Value Xylophones Like Cows Do Milk Or in reverse: My Dear Cat Loves Xtra Vitamins Intensely

White-Collar Crime - Glossary Definition

Definition: White-collar crime is a criminal act that arises from opportunities created by a person’s social position, especially their occupation. White-collar crime is significant sociologically because of the perception that white-collar criminals tend to be middle- and upper-middle-class and because of a class bias in the criminal justice system, their crimes are generally viewed as less serious and less deserving of punishment. Examples: Examples of white-collar crime include expense account padding, embezzlement, tax fraud, false advertising, and the use of insider trading in stock market trading.